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ACTIVITY 1.16 continued
3 Guide students to understand the connection between the evidence a speaker or writer chooses and the audience. Discuss the point of an argument as being persuasion: the writer wants to convince an audience to do something or to support a position. The evidence needs to appeal to the intended audience, or it is worthless. Ask students to independently list the sources they cited and the target audience for each.
4 Review the elements of argument and make connections to the editorial. In particular, point out that argument requires logic, not just emotion. Also, ask students how making concessions and presenting refutation can contribute to the speaker’s ethos.
5 Read the Preview and the Setting a Purpose for Reading sections with your students. Briefly review ethos, pathos, and logos with them, and help them understand how to identify examples of each in the text. Review how to analyze the effectiveness of rhetorical appeals, and remind students to look for information that helps them understand who the audience is in the article.
78 SpringBoard® English Language Arts Grade 9
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10/6/15 12:42 PM
78 SpringBoard® English Language Arts Grade 9
ACTIVITY 1.16
continued
Targeting Your Audience
A. Type of Evidence/Support
B. Example from Class Readings/Presentation
C. Used to ... (logos, ethos, pathos? In what way?)
Expert/Personal Testimony:
The use of a person’s words or conclusions to support a claim, whether the person is like the audience or is distinguished by his or her expertise
Jordan’s quote in Obama’s speech: “I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that’s why I succeed.”
Use the source’s credibility to enhance the writer’s/speaker’s ethos
Add logos via an expert’s opinion
Hypothetical Case: Use of a “what if” or possible scenario in order to challenge the audience to consider its implications
“Maybe you could be a great writer . . . but you might not know it until you write that English paper . . .”
Show what might happen
Create logical appeal—if the scenario is realistic
My Notes
2. List each resource you cited, and then describe the target audience. Resource 1:
Resource 2:
Resource 3:
Preview
In this activity, you will read an editorial and identify how an author crafts an argument to connect with the audience.
Setting a Purpose for Reading
• Highlight any information that helps you figure out who the audience is in this article.
• Circle unknown words and phrases. Try to determine the meaning of the words by using context clues, word parts, or a dictionary.
© 2017 College Board. All rights reserved.
© 2017 College Board. All rights reserved.